Football and Rugby

In life, there are a number of things that can either be compared or contrasted. Comparing involves the drawing of similarities that may exist between two or more things. Contrasting, on the other hand, focuses on identifying the aspects that differentiates the things under consideration. The essay seeks to compare football and rugby. It will discuss the similarities that exist between them which include; the playing field, advancing the ball, and tackles and blocks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Football and Rugby specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As much as there may be some clear differences between football and rugby, there are obvious similarities. The first one is in the measurements of the playing field. Football, especially in America, is usually played on a field measuring 110 meters which is equivalent to 120 yards long by 49 meters in width. On both extremes of the longer side is a goal line, separat ed by 100 yards. The scoring area is marked 10 yards from each of the goal line. The area is referred to as end zone. The yard lines cross the field at an interval of 5 yards. Moreover, two rows are marked to run parallel to the side lines and are close to the middle of the field. Two goal posts are found beyond the end zones. The goal posts are usually 18.5 feet apart. However, they are 24 feet in the case of high school games. The two posts are connected by a cross bar which is 10 feet above the ground. In most cases, the goal posts may take the shape of letter ‘H’ or sometimes the letter ‘Y’. Similarly, for a rugby field, it measures 131 yards (120 meters) in length and about 60 meters in width giving it a rectangular shape. There are lines drawn across the field at an interval of 10 meters. About 6 to 12 meters beyond the goal lines, there is an in-goal region. Just like in football, there are two goal posts at each end and normally takes the shape of letter ‘H’. Secondly, football shares some similarity with rugby when it comes to the way of advancing the ball. In football, the team holding the ball (offense side) has 4 â€Å"downs†, to try and advance the ball 10 yards in the direction of the end zone. If the offense side manages to gain 10 yards, it qualifies for a set of 4 downs. When the offensive side fails to gain the 10 yards, then it looses possession. Instances which lead to the end of a down include; the player holding the ball is tackled by the defensive side, an attempt to pass the ball forward goes beyond the lines or it touches the ground before it is caught 4 times (results in an incomplete pass), when the player with the ball is pushed out or goes out of the field boundaries, and also, a down ends when a team scores. The method of advancing the ball is closely related to the six-tackle rule in rugby. Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The offensive team has 6 chances to tackle before it looses that ball possession. In football, the ball is advanced either by the player holding the ball running (rushing) with it or by passing the ball forwards to a colleague. While rushing, a player can opt to hand the ball over to another player. This is commonly known as a handoff. On the other hand, the ball in rugby is advanced by either running with it just like in football or kicking it to the front and going after it. Thirdly, football and rugby have similar tactics of tackling and blocking opponents. Both games allow the bringing down of the player holding the ball in order to prevent any advancement towards scoring. Once the player is tackled, the play starts again on the following tackle or down. This essay on Football and Rugby was written and submitted by user Chaya Barry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

US Energy Security

US Energy Security Introduction Energy is one of the most important factors of production in virtually every country. In addition, energy is increasingly becoming a political weapon at the global level because of its limited supply. Consequently, the US believes that it must improve its energy security in order to achieve its economic and political objectives.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on US Energy Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this respect, some scholars and policymakers believe that the best way to improve energy security in the US is to increase the supply of oil. This paper disagrees with this perspective by arguing that energy security can be achieved in the US by reducing oil consumption rather increasing its supply. Discussion The US Oil Reserves The argument for the increase in oil supply in the US is mainly based on the fact that huge oil deposits have recently been discovered in the country. The US has approximately two trillion barrels of shale and tight oil reserves in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. Exploitation of the oil reserves has been made possible by technological advancements such as horizontal drilling. As a result, the US is expected to replace Saudi Arabia as the largest oil producing country in the world by 2015. In this respect, proponents of increasing oil supply in the US believe that it will enable the country to eliminate its dependence on oil imports. The resulting reduction in oil prices is expected to promote rapid economic growth. In addition, reducing oil imports will enable the US to implement its foreign policy and ensure national security without compromising its energy supply. However, achieving energy security through increased oil supply in the US is not sustainable in the first place. â€Å"Only 2% of the tight oil in the US is recoverable†. This percentage is equivalent to approximately a two-year oil supply in the US. Therefore, the oil resour ces that can be exploited are clearly not enough to ensure energy security in the country. The existing tight oil reserves will only reduce dependence on oil imports from 60% to 44% in the next two decades. Moreover, the country’s ambition of surpassing Saudi Arabia’s oil production rate means the oil reserves will be depleted very soon. Thus, increasing oil supply will only be a temporary solution to the country’s energy problems. As a result, the US will face a severe energy crisis in the long-term.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Increasing oil supply in the US is also limited by financial and technological constraints. The technologies that are â€Å"used to drill tight oil (fracking and pyrolysis) are increasingly becoming expensive to use†. In addition, new wells tend to run out of oil rapidly. For instance, the output from ti ght oil wells often reduce by nearly 69% in the first year and 39% in the second year. Therefore, several wells have to be drilled in order to achieve the desired production level. This will significantly increase the cost of supplying oil. Undoubtedly, oil companies will pass the high production costs to consumers in the long-term. In this context, it will not be possible to achieve energy security since consumers will switch to cheap oil imports to avoid high production costs. International Oil Prices The increase in oil production has already resulted into a reduction in oil prices in the US. Therefore, oil producers have to look for external markets to avoid the losses that they are likely to make as increased supply continue to exert a downward pressure on prices. However, a significant increase in supply from the US will inevitably reduce international oil prices, thereby exposing oil producers to the risk of making huge losses. This risk might be mitigated in the short term b y OPEC’s ability to regulate international oil prices by changing its production capacity. For instance, international oil prices are expected to remain above USD 80 per barrel in 2015 if OPEC reduces its daily output by 2 million barrels in response to increased supply from the US.  However, OPEC’s ability to limit its production capacity is increasingly becoming limited due to the financial challenges in its member countries. Currently, only Saudi Arabia is committed to reducing its production capacity to prevent price declines. Nigeria, Venezuela, and Angola are increasing their production capacities in order to earn adequate revenue to finance their national budget deficits. This means that in the long-term OPEC will resort to a price war with the US in order to sell its oil in the international market. The resulting price decline will make tight oil production in the US unsustainable. Tight oil production is not viable at prices below USD 70 per barrel. For inst ance, ExxonMobil realised a 27% reduction in net income due to the 52% oil price decline in 2011 in the US. In addition, Occidental has stopped drilling oil in the US because drilling costs have increased by 22.5% since 2009, whereas prices have steadily reduced.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on US Energy Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These examples show that achieving a breakeven will be impossible in the US tight oil industry as international prices continue to decline. Eventually, capital will be shifted to other viable economic activities such as investing in the equity securities market. The resulting reduction in oil production will cause a severe energy shortage in the US since the non-petroleum fuels are not sufficient to meet the country’s energy needs. Environmental Concerns Increasing oil supply in the US will definitely result into increased environmental degradation. Low prices wi ll â€Å"lead to an increase in the use of oil in production and transportation†. As a result, the rate of greenhouse gas emission in the US will significantly increase. For instance, the transport sector alone accounts for 44% of oil consumption in the US. Thus, an increase in oil consumption in the industry will force the country to exceed its greenhouse gas emission limits. This problem will be exacerbated by the fact that investing in tight oil will shift capital away from clean energy production because it requires a lot of financial resources. A rise in the use of oil in the US will be an â€Å"incentive to rapidly developing countries such as China, Brazil, and India to increase their greenhouse gas emission rates†. In particular, the US will have no moral basis to prevent emission of greenhouse gasses at the global level if it encourages the use of oil within its territories. The resulting increase in environmental degradation will cause a significant decline i n food production and poor health outcomes globally. This will lead to violent protests from citizens in the US and other parts of the world.  Therefore, the best way to ensure energy security in the US is to reduce oil consumption. The government should begin to transition to an economy that depends less on petroleum products such as gasoline to reduce the aggregate energy demand in the country. Imposing a high tax on gasoline can significantly reduce the consumption of oil in the transport sector because it will increase prices. Undoubtedly, the public will oppose a high tax on gasoline. Thus, the tax revenue should be invested in research and development to improve access to new technologies that will facilitate production of adequate cheap and renewable energy. This will avert resistance to gasoline taxes. Apart from taxes, â€Å"stringent corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) should be introduced†. Moreover, tradable gasoline permits should be introduced to limit the a mount of gasoline consumed in the country.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reducing consumption of petroleum products will ensure energy security by minimizing the risks associated with disruptions in oil supply. Furthermore, reducing oil consumption is a cheaper way of ensuring energy security than increasing oil supply. For instance, automobile manufacturers have consistently reduced the prices of hybrid cars by using new technologies. However, the cost of drilling oil keeps rising. Reducing oil consumption will also help in protecting the environment. Conclusion Increasing oil supply in the US will not ensure energy security due to three reasons. First, only a small percentage of the large oil deposits in the US can be recovered in a profitable manner. Second, increasing oil supply in the US will significantly reduce international oil prices. Eventually, oil production will not be sustainable due to the low prices. Finally, increasing oil supply will worsen environmental degradation. In this respect, the government should focus on reducing oil consumpti on rather than increasing its supply to ensure energy security. Bahgat, Gawdat. Energy Security: What Does it Mean? And How can we Achieve it? Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies 33.1 (2008): 85-98. Print. Behrendt, Sven and Paul Freund. The New Energy Security Paradigm, Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2006. Print. Deutch, John and James Schlesinger. National Security Consequences of US Oil Dependency, New York: The Council on Foreign Relations, 2006. Print. Frances, Gonzalo. Market or Geopolitics? The Europeanization of EUs Energy Corridors. International Journal of Energy Sector Management 5.1 (2011): 39-59. Print. Jewell, Jessica. The IEA Model of Short-term Energy Security: Primary and Secondary Fuels, Paris: International Energy Agency , 2011. Print. Joffe, George. The Impact on OPEC of Rising North American Oil-and-Gas Production, London: Aljazeera Center for Studies, 2012. Print. Mankiw, Gregory. Principles of Macroeconomics, New York: Cengage Learning, 2011. Pr int. Nanda, Ved. Climate Change and Environmental Ethics, New Brunswick: Transaction Publishing, 2012. Print. Pierrehumbert, Raymond. The Myth of Saudi America. Slate 6 Feb. 2013: 1-2. Print. Rosenberg, Elizabeth. Energy Rush: Shale Production and US National Security, New York: Center for a New American Security, 2014. Print. Speight, James. An Introduction to Petroleum Technology, Economics, and Politics, Massachusetts: Scrivener Publishing, 2011. Print. Varchaver, Nicholas, Abrahm Lustgarten and Jenny Mero. How to Kick the Oil Habit: Gas Prices are Soaring, Pipelines are Burning, Oil Supplies are Tight. Fortune 23 Aug. 2004: 1-13. Print. Webb, Tim. OPEC Strongleheld will be Broken by Shake Revolution. The Times 17 Jan. 2013: 1-3. Print.

Discourse, Field-configuring Events, and Change in Organizations Essay

Discourse, Field-configuring Events, and Change in Organizations - Essay Example Using the United Nations Stockholm Convention, the researchers analysed documents related to the DDT pesticide to draw their conclusions. The research provided evidence that considerable influence of the narratives by actors who either played part in the production, distribution, or consumption of texts related to the DDT. The study relied on the documented evidence from the various texts presented in the conference, related to the DDT issue. Findings from the research indicated that there were three different forms of discursive spaces within a text. Each of these had different rules and understanding regarding the most appropriate forms of text production, distribution and consumption. 1. The researchers demonstrate how field configuring events generate multiple discursive spaces governed by different rules as well as the understanding of the text production, distribution and consumption. While text production concerns with the author and the type of text, text distribution focuses on the where, when and how texts distribution take place. On the other hand, consumption focuses on the target audience, people who may have access to the text and the ability of these people to act on the texts. 2. The second contribution focuses on the emergence of the texts as stakeholders produce, distribute, and consume texts at a field-configuring event. Three mechanisms that lead to field change include; Hardy and Maguire (2010) argue that telling a story in itself does not bring organizational change. In fact, it has no influence, and if any, it is insignificant. According to them, narratives uniquely affect actors. Since narratives create a struggle between the advantaged and the disadvantaged, then, for such a narrative to effect change in institutions, it must have the following features; As the research focused on the analysis of the various

Discuss the Impact of the Recession on Consumer Behavior and on Essay

Discuss the Impact of the Recession on Consumer Behavior and on Marketers - Essay Example At the same time, marketers are resorting to new promotional campaigns in order to remain competitive and gain consumer attention in the face of this current economic downturn. Food and technology Statistics indicate that six in 10 consumers have reduced the volume of frequency as it pertains to eating-out in restaurant environments (Bainbridge 2010). As a result, especially noticeable in the pizza restaurant industry, marketers have changed their promotional activities to include vouchers with significant pricing discounts (Bainbridge). Where once major companies in this industry, such as Pizza Hut, used psychographic segmentation and targeting to gain attention and loyalty, they are finding it more difficult to compete especially when their products carry high price tags over competition. Companies like Pizza Hut once had well-established consumer segments that were devoted to the brand and were able to use rather low-cost marketing and higher price methodology to ensure positionin g in terms of quality. Today, however, the recession has created price wars that continue to erode profitability especially with more consumers eating within the home and avoiding the high costs of restaurant eating. This is also noticeable in the fast food industry with new promotions being added to traditional menus, such as McDonald’s with its dollar menu variety. However, this marketing effort is not bring the type of profit results marketers had once experienced early in the recession. Today, new freebie offers and Internet-based incentives coupons are becoming the norm for many consumer segments (Glazer 2009). This shows a shift in consumer behaviour toward active searching in the consumer search process to identify coupons before they will frequent even their favourite restaurants. There is clearly a value-driven methodology in consumer groups that change their buying behaviours and choices. This is even apparent in how grocery stores market their food products, with t he new value-based consumer searching for low-cost products. Statistics indicate that 53 percent of today’s recession-minded consumers are buying fewer organic products and 50 percent are even turning toward generic or private label brands (Frozen Food Age 2008). Organic products and well-known product brands used to be the driver for significant profitability in the grocery industry, however the recession is changing the supply chain to identify new value for consumers in order to sustain their business. Morrisons, one of the largest grocers in the UK, has control over much of its supply chain and is therefore able to ride out the recession successfully by using new promotional tactics. The store is able to provide fresh food options at a much cheaper price than competition and uses this fresh quality positioning to sustain higher profitability than other markets without control over their purchasing system (Mortimer 2009). However, it shows that the consumer propensity to c hange from their loyal and trusted brands to generic and private label brands and how it has affected total marketing and purchasing/distribution strategies. The grocery industry has identified that 44 percent of shoppers now consider private label products to be on par or even better than long-standing trusted brands (just-style.com 2009). This is a danger to

Racial Disparity in Criminal Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Racial Disparity in Criminal Justice - Essay Example Death penalty or execution is the most severe sentence that the United States and other countries use particularly for rape and murder cases. Military laws and federal states have also bestowed capital punishment for other crimes like espionage, treason, kidnapping, desertion from military service and robbery. The fact that state prisons are full of a disparate number of inmates who are people of color and who are on death row is a clear indication of racial disparity in sentencing. In other words, today’s capital punishment is a system that vents the anger of society over crime crisis on a select group. As far as death penalty is concerned, the contagious existence of racism has not slackened with time and this crisis is not confined in one area. One of the possible causes for this abiding problem is that the juries who make the critical decisions on death penalty in the United States are almost exclusively white. An empirical study at Law School in St. Mary's University indi cates that in the U.S, there is only one percent African-American District Attorneys in counties that use the death penalty while the other chief District Attorneys are white with a percentage of almost ninety-eight.

Small Group Communication

Small Group Communication Leon Hulse, Mike Hugo, Lily Purimitla, Laura Straub, Ju Hee Shin, Rachel Quick,Danny Yip AJ. Shawna Warner Group Research Paper: Group Ethics Throughout this semester, the Small Group Communication class has been studying various topics regarding the different aspects of groups. Groups, to most living individuals, is an important concept that penetrates our lives in many different ways. We have friend groups, family groups, work groups, project groups, and even game groups. Regardless of our willingness, the concept of groups will always be a major part of life. With that said, it is crucial for each individual to understand the different aspects of a group, which is the foundation behind this research paper. This paper is written with the intention of gaining an insight on the different features of groups and to demonstrate the application of theories learned in class. The paper will begin with ethical leadership, which is followed by a discussion on personal ethics in group decision making, and will end with multicultural group ethics. Ethical Leadership Leaders can be categorized into different groups according to behaviours and, in most occasions, it is not only the leader who defines the nature of leadership, but also those who are actively participating within the team that alter leadership behaviour. Gary Yukl in his book Leadership in Organizations writes about three different types of leadership behaviour: task-oriented, relations-oriented and participative leadership (Yukl 107-08). In an ideal setting, a leader would have a balance between all these behaviours. However, most of the time Now, we know that in order to be able to lead and direct ethically, one must understand the responsibility and the core meaning of what ethical leadership is. Ethics is a principle of conduct that acts to govern those who are under it (Ethic). In order to understand ethical leadership it is important to first understand the meaning of ethics and how culture of an organization highly affects it. Ethical leadership can be seen as the code of conduct, laws, policies and values that leaders follow in order to emphasize a concern for the interest of others and respecting the members as not just instruments in the group, but as whole and complete members of the team. With that, four theories of Ethical Leadership will be discussed in this section, which include ethical pluralism, communitarianism, authentic leadership and transformational leadership. First, the term ethical pluralism refers to a formed idea that there are numerous ways of defining what is morally right or wrong, and not all of them will match an individuals personal norms (Ethical Pluralism). This implies that pluralism does not refer to several perspectives of the same thing but, in general, having several theories according to different leaders and settings. Moreover, this theory advances that there is a plurality of moral norms that cannot be reduced to one basic norm (Schaber 1). Next, the paper will discuss the idea of communitarianism. Inthe Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, it is stated that communitarians argued that the standards of justice must be found in forms of life and traditions of particular societies and hence can vary from context to context (Bell). This means that both the views of people and leaders in a group are dependent on the various interpretations of the societies they belong to. This theory focuses more on the rights of the group as a whole rather than the individuals in a group (Communitarian Ethics). A leader who employs this approach emphasises the common good of all people, recognising all the dimensions of a living human being in a society. A communitarian leader encourages moral reasoning, ethical dialogue, collaborative leadership and development of moral character. The next topic to be addressed is that of authentic leadership. Leaders who fully believe in themselves and trust their ability as they are true to themselves are known as authentic leaders. Moreover, these leaders allow and empower group development by encouraging individual members. This theory believes that an authentic leader should possess certain characteristics. Michael Hyatt, author of Authentic Leadership, writes that an authentic leader possesses insight, demonstrates initiative, exudes influence, has impact in his or her action and manifests integrity (Hyatt). There are still more features of an authentic leader as the context of the leaders culture plays a vital role in determining the leadership traits. The final theory of ethical leadership is transformational leadership. This is defined as a leadership approach that causes change in individuals and social systems. It is a relatively new approach to leadership that focuses on how leaders can create valuable and positive change in their followers, writes David Burkus in his article Transformational Leadership Theory.We can infer that this theory is helpful in leaders who are of the new age; leaders who are able to use traditional methods and theories to purposefully transform them for the betterment of the team or any setting they are a part of. With that, this research paper has finished its discussion on ethical leadership, which includes the four elements of ethical pluralism, communitarianism, authentic leadership and transformational leadership. These are, in short, basic theories that aid in understanding ethical leadership and how leaders can carefully employ one or multiple aforementioned theories to improve the performance and effectiveness of a system. Personal Ethics in Group Decision Making Writing in the context of organizational communication, Pamela Shockley-Zalabak identified decision-making as one of the most important functions of a group (252). However, good decision-making requires sound information (262), which in turn requires that group members communicate not only effectively (262), but also ethically (117). Shockley-Zalabak describes four habits of ethical communication that can be applied in most communicative situations (117). The first of these habits, which were developed by Rebecca Rubin and Jess Yoder based on work by Karl Wallace, is called the Habit of Search (117). This habit explores the idea of detailed research, working as a type of magnifying glass to analyze information that is taken into the group. Using this technique, groups can excavate into information received to decipher the smallest details so as not to miss any important facts. This can be used in decision making to analyze the problems that the group is facing, especially in regards to highly controversial issues. The idea here is that issues should not be oversimplified and should be looked at in all their parts. Tying this into ethics, the implementation of this habit leaves less room for faulty or inaccurate information. Each issue is looked at extensively through this lens to ensure there is no discrepancies in the facts received. The second habit is called the Habit of Justice (117). This habit also has to do with analysis of information, but on a different level. This habit allows for a much broader research database. There is more openness to different kinds of sources of information. The focus is not so much on specific information received as on the range of diverse accurate information. The focus here is more on the ethical side of making sure that all information is accurately portrayed and is fairly examined. This habit does not allow for discrimination, bias, or prejudice in regards to the evaluation of information. The main point is for the meaning of the information to remain undistorted by the opinions or bias of individuals. As in the name, justice and truth or accuracy are very important factors here. The third habit is called the habit of public versus private motivations (117). This habit is concerned primarily with transparency. It suggests that the ethical course of action during communication is to be open about motives and agendas and to clearly identify any potential for bias, conflicts of interest, or other factors that could exert an influence on the speakers perspective. It could also be as simple as identifying where a piece of information comes from. This allows the group to assign the information the proper weight in their discussion, rather than relying too heavily on biased information. For example, a group member who is closely related to one of the candidates under consideration by the group for interviewing for a class project should let the relationship be known. The final habit is respect for dissent (117). This means that rather than viewing different perspectives as threats and trying to squash them, the individual welcomes and even encourages them. By taking time to consider all aspects of the problem or explore more options for the decision, the group is better able to come to a solid solution or make an informed decision, rather than settling on a less effective course of action too quickly. Having a group atmosphere where it is safe and accepted to voice contrary viewpoints also helps to avoid groupthink (Rothwell 254). An example of this would be for a planning committee to consider suggestions for alternative dates for an event. By considering all factors, they could avoid causing scheduling conflicts or inconveniences that might have been overlooked if they just went with the first suggestion. Shockley-Zalabak summarized these habits in this way: Ethical communication behaviors promote participation, transparency, and accountability and support courageous actions (118). Practicing these habits in small group communication will not guarantee a good decision, but it will at least lay the foundations for good decision-making. Multicultural Group Ethics The meaningful success that can result from a diverse group of individuals has been a topic researched and challenged by many scholars throughout the years. Diversity extends itself across a wide spectrum that includes differences in ethnicities, gender, age, background, experiences, values, and culture (Rothwell 84). Everyone may approach one given situation differently, especially within an intercultural setting or when one set of ethics meets another. Ethics exist at the core of a person, the moral principles that govern ones own behavior (Ethic). In addition, ethics refers to the personal overarching moral perspectives derived from philosophical or religious instruction or inform our day-to-day behavior (Knapp). The challenge that this topic presents is how does ethics exist in a multicultural group? A researcher in multicultural studies, Malcolm MacDonald, has noted a shift in ones self-consciousness as they begin to recognize differences in beliefs, attitudes and values that are present in a multicultural setting. He suggests two things can happen at this point, either one can tolerate these differences or embrace these differences (MacDonald 3). Multicultural educators are often found teaching these practices in order to create the needed cohesion within multicultural settings/groups. On the other hand, other researchers have identified the commonality of discrimination and rejection of individuals that takes place based on ones differences and beliefs (Kymlicka 153). Albeit, these three options of tolerating, embracing, or rejecting the differences found in others, leads into the concept of the overall ethics of a group. Ones own personal ethics will undoubtedly directly influence the ethics of a group. For example, Jane is a part of a multicultural group that has agreed upon not disclosing any of the groups information until after the work has been presented to the public. In doing this, each member will be showing their loyalty to all the other group members. This is a sign of the group creating its own set of ethics. Jane immediately agreed upon this notion because loyalty remains within her personal ethics. Within Janes culture, there is a strong ethical code of truthfulness that she stands strong beside. During a group meeting, there was discussion on having just one person do the groups entire work even though there were specific instructions that one person did not do all of the work. Following this, the group went ahead with just one person doing all of the work and reported at the end that everyone did their own part. Through this process, Jane rejected this group ethic by refusing to agree upon this, however, the group just continued onward. An important aspect within multicultural group ethics is creating a safe place where each member has confidence within the group that ideas will not be torn down or dismissed for any given reason. However, a group ethic of trust can be built to ensure that everyone feels comfortable to share his or her thoughts. Creating an open place for communication to take place. Stepping outside of one individuals viewpoint for the success of the group is key -as long as it is not harmful-one must remember to never dismiss who they truly are and what they believe in the process. Indeed, multicultural group ethics requires communication from all group members in order for success to take place. Creating an open place for multicultural differences to weave themselves in the overall group for its success is a process whereby the group creates its own set of ethics that will lead all of its members down a united path. Conclusion Once again, this paper is written so that insights regarding the various aspects of a group can be gained. This paper began by pondering the topic of ethical leadership and four theories derived from this particular topic. Next, the paper analyzed the topic of personal ethics in group decision making based on the work produced by Shockley-Zalabak and several other scholars. To end, the paper examined multicultural group ethic, which meditates on the idea of creating a diverse yet harmonious group; a group that develops its own set of ethics that will allow all members to remain unified. Lastly, it must be emphasized yet again that the concept of group will always be present in many aspects of our lives. Therefore, it is of utmost significance that an individual seeks to understand this concept to the best of his or her ability. Works Cited Bell, Daniel. Communitarianism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Summer 2016 ed., edited by Edward N. Zalta, 21 Mar. 2016, plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/ entries/communitarianism. Accessed 2 Mar. 2017. Burkus, David. Transformational Leadership Theory. David Burkus.com, 18 Mar. 2010, davidburkus.com/2010/03/transformational-leadership-theory. Accessed 9 Mar. 2017. Communitarian Ethics. Regis University, rhchp.regis.edu/HCE/EthicsAtAGlance/ CommunitarianEthics/CommunitarianEthics_01.html. Accessed 15 Mar. 2017. Ethic. Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethic. Accessed 3 Mar. 2017. Ethical Leadership Theories. SlideShare, uploaded by catsfood, 8 Mar. 2012, www.slideshare.net/catsfood/ethical-leadership-theories. Accessed 14 Mar. 2017. Ethical Pluralism. The EIESL Project, 2011, ethicsofisl.ubc.ca/?page_id=180. Accessed 9 Mar. 2017. Hyatt, Michael. Authentic Leadership: The Five Characteristics of Effective Leaders. MichaelHyatt.com, michaelhyatt.com/authentic-leadership-overview. Accessed 9 Mar. 2017. Knapp, Samuel. Ethics, Diversity, and Multiculturalism. Ethicalpsychology.com, 31 Oct. 2011, www.ethicalpsychology.com/2011/10/ethics-diversity-and- multiculturalism.html.ÂÂ   Accessed 5 Mar. 2017. Kymlicka, Will. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. Oxford U, 1995, books.google.co.th/books/about/Multicultural_Citizenship.html?id=w5Kaqqy- W78Credir_esc=y. Accessed 4 Mar. 2017. MacDonald, Malcolm N. The Ethics of Intercultural Communication. Original manuscript, University of Warwick, 2012, wrap.warwick.ac.uk/39215/1/WRAP_Macdonald_ PubDocView.asp.pdf. Accessed 4 Mar. 2017. Rothwell, J. Dan. In Mixed Company: Communicating in Small Groups and Teams. 8th ed., Cengage, 2013. Schaber, Peter. Ethical Pluralism. University of Zurich, ethik.uzh.ch/static/afe/downloads/publikationen/schaber/Schaber_Pluralism.pdf. Accessed 14 Mar. 2017. Shockley-Zalabak, Pamela. Fundamentals of Organizational Communication: Knowledge, Sensitivity, Skills, Values. 8th ed., Pearson, 2012. Yukl, Gary. Leadership in Organizations, 7th ed., Global ed., Pearson, 2010, corenet.org.pk/js/Gary-Yukl-Leadership-in-Organizations.pdf. Accessed 2 Mar. 2017.

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The Vietnam War was fought from December 1956 to April 1975 in the Indohchina region that encompasses Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. At its most basic level, it can be described as a war between the communist regime in North Vietnam, headed by Ho Chi Minh, with its sympathizers in the South and the Southern non-communist Vietnamese regime. Its roots can be traced back to the end of the Second World War, when Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh (nationalist communist party) seized power in formally French-controlled Vietnam after the Japanese occupants withdrew. France, unwilling to relinquish their power, sent troops into Indochina in order to regain their control. Meanwhile, Ho Chi Minh continued to consolidate his power through his Soviet and Chinese communist allies—employing tactics such as imprisonment, exile, and sometimes even murder to be rid of any political opposition or threats to his Communist regime. The struggle continued until the Vietnimh—with Chinese support in weapons and advising—took siege of the village Dien Bein Phu, where French troops were located. In May 1954, the Vietnamese successfully took the village, and soon after that the French left Indochina all together acknowledging their defeat. In the late 50s, South Vietnam was under control of Ngo Dinh Diem, who implemented a severe and brutal anti-Communist regime, leading to small collectives of communist revolutionaries, who eventually in 1959 were supported and aided materially by the North. Thus the Vietnam War as we know it today began. The Communist North, aided by Chinese and Soviet allies, fought battles with the anti-communist South, aided primarily by the U.S. Yet, how did the U.S. become involved so heavily in a war that seemed to have nothing to do with... ...relenting. It is argued that a fundamental difference between the experiences of Vietnam vets as opposed to veterans of other wars is that veterans of a war such as World War II, though still had a difficult time with what they did and witnessed, had a feeling that what they did in the war was significant and important beyond what they individually may have seen or done—there was a greater purpose to all of it (i.e. WWII stopping the Nazi invasion and terror). However, considering the turn the war in Vietnam took—how the U.S. public eventually protested strongly against it and its goals—that feeling was not always present for the surviving soldiers. This fact among the various other factors like the horrors and gruesomeness of the war contributes to the widespread psychological problems that plagued the veterans of the war long after they returned home to the U.S.

A Huey P Newton Story Essay

‘A Huey P Newton Story’, the movie based on the story of Huey P Newton who was a freedom fighter and the co-founder of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense in Oakland in 1960s. He was the Minister of Defense in the party and he made a Ten Point Plan based on the demand for basic civil rights and made it public in 1966. The movie is based on hyper-energetic, magnetic, faltering and chain-smoking Newton and Robert Guenveur Smith has played the role of Newton in this movie. Smith is the only person on the stage dressed in black and most of the time sitting on a single wooden chair. He is seen reading poetry, asserting his philosophies, worrying about the potential and complaining about the way everything turned out. The movie was shot in front of the live audience and was completed in single night improvisation. There are some archival footage and some sound effects to support the plot of the story. Like when Newton writes the Ten Point Plan you can hear sound of a typewriter. The movie is directed by Spike Lee and is quite disturbing and provocative at times. It also capture’s Newton’s â€Å"inner mind† and jazz saxophonist Branford Marsails provides olo music for the project. Newton was an extraordinary man and lot of energy and resources was needed to portray him on stage. There are some points in the movie where Smith pushes away the microphone and remains silent and it seems he is recollecting his energies. As Newton was a chain smoker Smith also had to smoke a lot while performing on stage. Smith quotes the saying of Newton, â€Å"Any time a black man in America stands up against the slave mentality, he’s going to scare a lot of white people and some black people, too. † Although the movie depends quite a lot on the clips and the soundtracks it is one man show and that too in front of live audience which in itself is a very difficult task. The chain smoking cigarettes are referred as props for Newton’s anger and similes. Smith is seen shaking and trembling with anxiety and he had to deliver speeches in the same hypocritical manner. The music, clothing and art all had to resemble and have an image of Newton’s surroundings. However Smith resembles Newton somewhat physically and has done justice to the character up to a large extent. The movie shows a man in prison with only one chair to sit on and the stage setting gives an impression of a room in prison. The whole movie is one-man show where the actor talks about everything and the whole story is depicted. In the beginning Newton is shown here proud with military pronouncement like a warrior and then shifting towards poetry and reading poetic recollection of a brother and then recollecting memories of his father who had shifted to California and had to work three jobs in order to support his seven children. Here, every aspect of Newton’s life is epicted because he was not only a freedom fighter but also a human being with all normal feelings and similarly concerned with his family and its welfare. He also recalls his own life and how he turned from burglar to a law student but there is wit and regret in his tone. After joining the revolutionary career he faces lot of problems and he has only one aim that is to get basic rights to his community. Smith also reveals a part of Newton’s character where he is hurt because he cannot dance and he uses philosophical questions to get girls’ phone numbers. He is shown fascinated with â€Å"rap† and seems to be connected with the current generation style too. Then coming back to philosophy of success and failure he says that a leader most of the time disappoints his followers and leaves nothing behind except contempt. He chooses riffs of songs and tells the audience about the fortune of his people. At the end of the performance, the audience is taken to a scene where a young man on the mountainside plays guitar and makes the sun come up. Newton is aware of the fact that he did not make the sun come up for himself. Lee’s direction and Smith’s performance make the audience realize that a human spirit can rise while he waits and watches his own songs. ‘A Huey P Newton Story’ is a powerful plodding film based on one-man stage show by Roger Guenveur Smith and directed by Spike Lee and was premiered on June 18 on Black Starz. Smith is a veteran actor and has very warmly and effectively portrayed Newton with all his talent and imaginative hands. He is dressed in a simple way with black shirt, black pant and shoes and is seen mostly sitting on a single chair kept on the stage. The set resembles the interior of Newton’s Oakland high-rise apartment where he resided in the last few years of his life. He is seen ruminating his life and bouncing his right leg and chain smoking. The presentation of Smith is so noteworthy that he looks as if on the stage at one moment and immediately on the other he seems to be in prison. In this movie Smith uses humor and wit and portrays Newton as a normal guy who has desires like a normal human being too. Newton is the youngest among seven children and hates being teased as â€Å"Baby Huey†, becomes a Black Panther and then he is elated to the fact where he argues for the right to housing, jobs etc. for people. It is felt that Newton is portrayed with mostly positive aspects of his character along with the humanity that is painful and complex. No emphasis is given on Newton who was alleged as a drug user. However the bare stage seems to be monotonous in spite of Smith’s extraordinary performance and so the director uses historic footage and photographs to give a break from the monotonous stage and a single man’s dialogues. 1960 saw quite a lot of political nd social change and also fight for these and so this gives a perfect ground for veteran artists to show their talent. The stories of this time have its contemporary significance and Smith here has tried to take advantage of the same and joined hands with Lee for the purpose. It is for sure that the way Smith and Lee tried to depict the story is completely different from the usual trend of movie making. Newton otherwise would have been the â€Å"icon† for the purpose for which he lived his short life but here he is shown with all the qualities and desires of a normal human being.

the patriot act essays

the patriot act essays The Patriot Act enacted by Congress post September 11th emerged as governments reaction to combat and prevent terrorism in the United States, by maintaining Homeland Security. The attack on the World Trade Center on September 11th sparked a new fear of terrorism in America. Society called for action, for governments protection from further assault. Government capitalized on these fears emotion, and patriotism. An ethnic group of Middle Easter decent were identified as the attackers, thus the entire group became the faces of terrorism. With ulterior motives, government responded, enacting The Patriot Act and commissions such as Homeland Security. The Patriot Act outlines procedures for federal and state law enforcements when detaining and prosecuting suspected terrorist. Included are over two hundred codes regulating every part of American society from banking to entrance into the United States. The most controversial of its codes are those prescribed for detainees. Included are prisoners of war captured in Afghanistan; unlawful combatants" arrested in Afghanistan outside the United States, illegal aliens in the United States or aliens on student or visitor visas, with intentions of committing terrorist acts, and legal aliens with permanent resident status. Detainees are not allowed the same rights as citizens to due process, outlined in the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. (1) Threat and vulnerability information. Except as otherwise directed by the President, the Secretary shall have such access as the Secretary considers necessary to all information, including reports, assessments, analyses, and unevaluated intelligence relating to threats of terrorism against the United States and to other areas of responsibility assigned by the Secretary, and to all information concerning infrastructure or other vulnerabilities of the United States to terrorism, whether or not such information has been analyzed, that may ...

Intro to Human Services Essays

Intro to Human Services Essays Intro to Human Services Paper Intro to Human Services Paper Describe human services from the early 1900s to the present day. 2 Throughout History Human Services made a big impact and a difference in our society as we know it today. Through the sociological era in the 1900s many were faced with challenges such as financial support for the poor and no support or guidance for the children, developmentally disabled and the mentally ill. Human Services make positive and lasting differences in peoples lives, and they help improve the world. The early 1900s, sometimes called the sociological era, continued the period of social reform. During this time there were two significant events that affected the history of helping and human services. The first was the development of a new profession known as social workers. During this time social diagnosis and casework evolved. The development of social work profession was significant and represented the beginning of human services. Clifford Beers, a victim of mental illness was confined for three years in public and private mental institutions. Beers wrote about his treatment in A Mind That Found Itself (1945). In 1908, Beers founded the Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene. This was considered to be the beginning to the mental health movement in America. In 1909 Beers proposed a national society, the National Committee for Mental Hygiene. By the end of World War II the profession of clinical psychology was created. This was due to the number of Veterans in the hospital for psychiatric evaluations reached more than 40,000. The great depression was marked by vast unemployment, failing business ventures and the collapse of banks. During this time President D. Roosevelt introduced New Deal legislation that changed the federal governments role in providing human services. President D. Roosevelt focused on two goals, one to provide short term aid to those who were unemployed and focus on the enactment of Social Security Act of 1935. 3 During the 1900s it was the first time the federal that government became involved in the provision of public welfare. This resulted in the Social Security Act of 1935. The philosophy of welfare during the 1900s was welfare provides a way for mothers to stay home and raise their children. It is okay if that process takes many years. During this time there were many unemployed and receiving services. However there were many changes to the welfare reform. The National Mental Health Act of 1946 was created to address preventative measures. In early 1960 s President Kennedy renewed governments commitment to serving the needy. President Lyndon Johnson declared War on Poverty after Michael Harrington and others discovered The Other America,specific groups of people who had not benefited from the general post war prosperity. War on Poverty resulted in a number of programs that are still important today;Community Action, Head Start, Employment and training programs, Medicare/Medicaid, and Food Stamps. President Kennedy and Johnson chose to focus on the problems of mental health and mental retardation. The Community Mental Health Centers act of 1963 was established to provide services to the population, including inpatient and outpatient care, emergency services, assistance to courts and services for the mental health of children and the elderly. (History of Helping: Content Guide. H. ) The Republican Shift). With the Mental Health Centers arising there became more of need for these individuals to get the treatment they needed. In 1966, the first human services program was established at Purdue University. Woodside, T. R, amp; McClam, T. pg. 47). In the 1950s the Deinstitutionalization movement began. During this time many were transferred from institutions to the community. Prior to Deinstitutionalization children, and developmental disabled were left in institutions with no goal or anything established for these individuals. There was no interaction with these individuals which f ostered there abilitities in what we take for granted such activities of daily living. By the 1970s, a major segment of mental health treatment had shifted from isolation of the institution to the complex 4 nvironment of the community for outpatient care. (Woodside, T. R, amp; McClam,T. pg. 47). During the 1970s the number of clients served by the mental health system increased dramatically. Human service providers could then provide some guidance to these individuals that needed it. During this same period there were two organizations that were also established that was the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS) and the Council for Standards in the Human Service Education (CSHSE), these organizations are still around today. In 1978 Jimmy Carter established the Department of Health and Human Services. The economy collapsed in the 1980s with a rapid decline in industrial employment, a whole new class of working poor was created. In 1990, Vice President George Bush, Sr passed one of the most significant Acts, this was the Americans with Disabilities Act. (ADA) This enabled people with disabilities to enter the workforce without discrimination. President Clinton expressed a desire to develop a welfare system that would encourage people to work and that would be a temporary solution instead of a way of life. The following principles guided the changes made under his administration. Strengths of welfare reform is that it does decrease dependency and can build self-respect by encouraging the individual to take responsibility. However, welfare reform seems to have created a whole new category of working poor who are barely able to survive. Many people seem to be falling through the cracks and depending on private resources such as food banks and soup kitchens. (History of Helping: Content Guide. H. ) The Republican Shift). In 1996 The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act(PRWORA) replaced aid to families with dependent children, this was to provide aid to eligible mothers with children. The support then became based on the income of the family to receive services. The AFDC then became what is now the TANF. Human Services workers then pushed the welfare to work law. However there were challenges faced with this program there was the focus of moving clients off 5 welfare and into meaningful work that would allow them to provide stability for their families. There is still debate on whether or not this reform has actually worked as there are still more women and children below the poverty line. The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003(MMA) was passed to provide outpatient prescription drug benefits for individuals on medicare, part D. ( Woodside, T. R, amp; McClam, T. pg. 54). This plan replaced Medicaid as a source of drug coverage. To help Americans in need, President George Bush initiated an effort to bring faith-based agencies and organizations into partnership with the federal overnment by creating the White House Office of Faith and Community Initiatives (Woodside, T. R, amp; McClam, T. pg. 55). With the lasting impact throughout history, Human Services has overcome many challenges for financial support for the poor and no support or guidance for children, the developmentally disabled and the mentally ill. However Society had to overcome the horrific events in the past it has lead to a better establ ishment for the poor, children, developmentally disabled and the mentally ill, this all due to the history of human services and its workers. Human Services are making a positive, lasting difference in peoples lives and are changing the world for the better. 6 References A Comparison of Prior Welfare Law with Welfare Reform:Content Guide. Philosophy.. History of Helping: Content Guide. E. )The Great Depression. History of Helping: Content Guide. G. ) 1960s Civil Rights and The War on Poverty. History of Helping: Content Guide. H. ) The Republican Shift Nixon, Reagan, George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush with the Carter/Clinton Interludes. Woodside, T. R, amp; McClam, T. (2009). An Introduction To Human Services. Belmont: CA. Brooks/Cole

Discussion Week 2 Chapter 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Week 2 Chapter 3 - Assignment Example Maryland’s unemployment went up to 6.8% because it shed over 75,000 jobs in May. Jobs in construction industry went down by 4,600,manufacturing went down by 300 jobs, professional and business services saw a job cut of about 3100 jobs with financial sector seeing a decrease of 800 jobs. Even though it lost all the jobs Maryland’s unemployment rate is still above the national average of 8.2%. Virginias unemployment is quite much lower than the nationals average of 8.2%.This can be attributed to more job creation through new business start ups with the total number of unemployed standing at 241862.Eventhough the DCs unemployment rate is still higher than the national average, the district has added has since 2011 added almost 16,100 jobs. This can be attributed to 200 jobs which were added by the public sector while manufacturing, trade, transportation and other sector adding almost 200

Desribe bahrain stock market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Desribe bahrain stock market - Essay Example In order to bring better regulation in the capital market, the regulation authority was transferred to Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB) from Ministry of Commerce during 2002 (Bahrain Bourse, â€Å"Introduction†). Capital Markets Supervision Directorate (CMSD) of Central Bank of Bahrain is the apex regulatory body responsible for supervising capital market. The primary objective of CBB in this regard is to ensure the investors’ protection by maintaining the integrity. In order to follow a globally accepted standard for proper accounting and financial reporting practices in Bahrain, it is following the principle set by International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). The CMSD has been constantly working for developing the investors’ trust on Bahrain Bourse. CMSD undertakes a number of responsibilities like regulating the brokering houses, clearing houses and central depositories and approval of new offerings. It also undertakes the proper judiciary enforc ement, market surveillance and investor education initiatives etc (Central Bank of Bahrain-a, â€Å"Functions & Contact Details†). With matured supervision and stricter regulation, Bahrain Stock Exchange has been emerging rapidly. Currently, 50 equities 35 mutual funds and 19 bonds are listed and traded regularly.